Adenosine A2AR in viral immune evasion and therapy: unveiling new avenues for treating COVID-19 and AIDS.

Publication date: Aug 08, 2024

Adenosine is a neuro- and immunomodulator that functions via G protein-coupled cell surface receptors. Several microbes, including viruses, use the adenosine signaling pathway to escape from host defense systems. Since the recent research developments in its role in health and disease, adenosine and its signaling pathway have attracted attention for targeting to treat many diseases. The therapeutic role of adenosine has been extensively studied for neurological, cardiovascular, and inflammatory disorders and bacterial pathophysiology, but published data on the role of adenosine in viral infections are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review article was to explain in detail the therapeutic role of adenosine signaling against viral infections, particularly COVID-19 and HIV. Several therapeutic approaches targeting A2AR-mediated pathways are in development and have shown encouraging results in decreasing the intensity of inflammatory reaction. The hypoxia-adenosinergic mechanism provides protection from inflammation-mediated tissue injury during COVID-19. A2AR expression increased remarkably in CD39 + and CD8 + T cells harvested from HIV patients in comparison to healthy subjects. A combined in vitro treatment performed by blocking PD-1 and CD39/adenosine signaling produced a synergistic outcome in restoring the CD8 + T cells funstion in HIV patients. We suggest that A2AR is an ideal target for pharmacological interventions against viral infections because it reduces inflammation, prevents disease progression, and ultimately improves patient survival.

Concepts Keywords
Adenosinergic A2AR
Bacterial Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Cd39 Adenosine
Decreasing Adenosine
Host Adenosine
Antiviral therapy
Apyrase
Apyrase
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
COVID-19
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
HIV
Humans
Immune Evasion
Immune response
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2
Signal Transduction

Semantics

Type Source Name
drug DRUGBANK Adenosine
disease MESH COVID-19
disease MESH AIDS
disease VO Viruses
disease IDO host
disease MESH viral infections
disease MESH inflammation
disease MESH disease progression
disease IDO immune response
pathway REACTOME Signal Transduction

Original Article

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