Publication date: Nov 01, 2024

Lacrimal punctal agenesis is an extremely rare condition with an unclear genetic basis. Here, we report a 3-year-old male patient harboring a hemizygous variant in glypican 4 (GPC4), which causes Keipert syndrome, who presented with complete lacrimal punctal agenesis, distinctive craniofacial features, mild developmental delay, mild intellectual disability, and autism. The craniofacial features included a prominent forehead, epicanthus, depressed and broad nasal bridge, hypoplastic columella, midface hypoplasia, tented upper lip, and low-set ears. Proband exome sequencing identified a hemizygous variant in GPC4: NM_001448. 3:c. 1051C > T (p. Arg351*). The GPC4 variant was inherited from his heterozygous mother; X-inactivation followed a skewed pattern in his mother. This patient demonstrated clinical features consistent with Keipert syndrome including craniofacial features, brachydactyly, broad distal phalanx, broad first toe, and mild developmental delay; however, agenesis of the lacrimal puncta has not been reported previously in Keipert syndrome. Our findings suggest that GPC4, which encodes a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan, may play an important role in lacrimal morphogenesis. Our observations also suggest that Keipert syndrome should be considered in patients with lacrimal punctal agenesis.

Semantics

Original Article