Publication date: Oct 11, 2024
The spectrum of COVID-19 manifestations makes it challenging to estimate the exact proportion of people who had the infection in a population, with the proportion of asymptomatic cases likely being underestimated. We aimed to assess and describe the spectrum of COVID-19 cases in a sample of adult population aged 40-74 years in Arkhangelsk, Northwest Russia, a year after the start of the pandemic. A population-based survey conducted between February 24, 2021 and June 30, 2021 with an unvaccinated sample aged 40-74 years (N = 1089) combined a serological survey data, national COVID-19 case registry, and self-reported data on COVID-19 experience and symptoms. Based on the agreement between these sources, we classified the study participants as non-infected and previously infected (asymptomatic, non-hospitalized and hospitalized symptomatic) cases, and compared these groups regarding demographics, lifestyle and health characteristics. After a year of the pandemic in Arkhangelsk, 59. 7% 95% confidence intervals (CI) (56. 7; 62. 6) of the surveyed population had had COVID-19. Among those who had been infected, symptomatic cases comprised 47. 1% 95% CI (43. 2; 51. 0), with 8. 6% 95% CI (6. 6; 11. 1) of them having been hospitalized. Of the asymptomatic cases, 96. 2% were not captured by the healthcare system. Older age was positively associated, while smoking showed a negative association with symptomatic COVID-19. Individuals older than 65 years, and those with poor self-rated health were more likely to be hospitalized. More than half of the infected individuals were not captured by the healthcare-based registry, mainly those with asymptomatic infections. COVID-19 severity was positively associated with older age and poor self-rated health, and inversely associated with smoking. Combining different sources of surveillance data could reduce the number of unidentified asymptomatic cases and enhance surveillance for emerging infections.
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Concepts | Keywords |
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Arkhangelsk | Adult |
Covid | Aged |
Healthcare | COVID-19 |
June | Female |
Pandemic | Humans |
Male | |
Middle Aged | |
Pandemics | |
Registries | |
Russia | |
SARS-CoV-2 | |
Self Report | |
Seroepidemiologic Studies |
Semantics
Type | Source | Name |
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disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
disease | MESH | infection |
disease | MESH | lifestyle |
disease | MESH | asymptomatic infections |
disease | MESH | Infectious diseases |
pathway | REACTOME | Reproduction |
drug | DRUGBANK | Coenzyme M |
disease | MESH | death |
disease | MESH | viral load |
disease | IDO | host |
disease | MESH | chronic diseases |
disease | IDO | infected population |
disease | MESH | chronic kidney diseases |
disease | MESH | neoplasms |
disease | IDO | contact tracing |
disease | IDO | susceptible population |
disease | MESH | cardiovascular diseases |
disease | MESH | pneumonia |
pathway | KEGG | Viral replication |
disease | IDO | history |
disease | MESH | cardiovascular risk factors |
disease | IDO | blood |
drug | DRUGBANK | Ademetionine |
disease | MESH | hypertension |
disease | MESH | obesity |
drug | DRUGBANK | Ethanol |
disease | MESH | Abdominal obesity |
drug | DRUGBANK | Aspartame |
disease | MESH | arthralgia |
disease | MESH | anosmia |
disease | MESH | ageusia |
disease | MESH | dyspnea |
disease | MESH | sore throat |
disease | MESH | rhinitis |
disease | IDO | symptom |
disease | IDO | assay |
disease | MESH | tic |