Publication date: Mar 24, 2025

The COVID-19 public health emergency catalyzed widespread adoption of both video- and audio-only telemedicine visits. This proliferation highlighted inequities in use by age, race and ethnicity, and preferred language. Few studies have investigated how differences in health system telemedicine implementation affected these inequities. This study aims to describe patients who used telemedicine during the public health emergency and identify predictors of telemedicine use across 2 health systems with different telemedicine implementations. This retrospective cohort study included adults with diabetes receiving primary care between July 2020 and March 2021 at 2 independent health systems in San Francisco, California. Participant sociodemographic characteristics, health information, and telemedicine utilization were acquired from electronic health records. The primary outcome was visit type (any audio or video telemedicine vs in-person only) during the study period. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between visit type and key predictors associated with digital exclusion (age, race and ethnicity, preferred language, and neighborhood socioeconomic status), adjusting for baseline health. We included an interaction term to evaluate health system impact on each predictor and then stratified by health system (academic, which prioritized video-enabled visits, vs safety net, which prioritized audio-only visits). Among 10,201 patients, we found higher odds of telemedicine use in the safety net system compared with the academic system (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2. 94, 95% CI 2. 48-3. 48). Patients with younger age (18-34 years: aOR 2. 55, 95% CI 1. 63-3. 97; 35-49 years: aOR 1. 39, 95% CI 1. 12-1. 73 vs 75+ years) and Chinese-language preference (aOR 2. 04, 95% CI 1. 66-2. 5 vs English) had higher odds of having a telemedicine visit. Non-Hispanic Asian (aOR 0. 67, 95% CI 0. 56-0. 79), non-Hispanic Black (aOR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 68-1), and Hispanic or Latine (aOR 0. 76, 95% CI 0. 61-0. 95) patients had lower odds of having a telemedicine visit than non-Hispanic White patients. We found significant interactions between health system and age, race and ethnicity, and preferred language (P

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