Publication date: Mar 24, 2025

Systemic adjuvant therapy is indicated in patients with high-risk, resected melanoma management to reduce recurrence risk and potentially improve survival rates. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target immune checkpoints and have made significant advances as adjuvant therapy. This review discusses the main clinical trials that tested adjuvant mAbs in resected high-risk melanoma, including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1); in addition to newer immunotherapies being tested in the adjuvant setting, including anti-lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). We also briefly discuss targeted therapies as an alternative choice. Moreover, we highlight the pros and cons of using mAbs in the adjuvant setting, the reported adverse events (AEs), and the quality of life impact. Finally, we report data related to biomarker studies tested in the context of these clinical trials. immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to significantly improve relapse-free survival (RFS) as adjuvant therapy for high-risk melanoma. In contrast, the long-term impact on overall survival (OS) was demonstrated in two studies that tested ipilimumab versus placebo (EORTC18071) and interferon-α (ECOG-ACRIN E1609). Furthermore, emerging data with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery and adjuvant therapy utilizing ICIs has demonstrated improved outcomes in the management of locoregionally advanced disease.

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