Retrotransposon: an insight into neurological disorders from perspectives of neurodevelopment and aging.

Publication date: Mar 25, 2025

Neurological disorders present considerable challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to their complex and diverse etiology. Retrotransposons are a type of mobile genetic element that are increasingly revealed to play a role in these diseases. This review provides a detailed overview of recent developments in the study of retrotransposons in neurodevelopment, neuroaging, and neurological diseases. Retrotransposons, including long interspersed nuclear elements-1, Alu, SINE-VNTR-Alu, and endogenous retrovirus, play important regulatory roles in the development and aging of the nervous system. They have also been implicated in the pathological processes of several neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Retrotransposons provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and provide insights into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of these diseases.

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Concepts	Keywords
Alzheimer	Aging
Genetic	Aging
Long	Alzheimer’s disease
Neurodevelopment	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Retrovirus	Animals
	Autism spectrum disorder
	Humans
	Nervous System Diseases
	Neurogenesis
	Retroelements
	Retroelements
	Retrotransposon
	Schizophrenia
	X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism

Semantics

Type	Source	Name
disease	MESH	neurological disorders
disease	MESH	etiology
disease	MESH	pathological processes
disease	MESH	Alzheimer’s disease
disease	MESH	X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism
disease	MESH	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
pathway	KEGG	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
disease	MESH	autism spectrum disorder
disease	MESH	schizophrenia
pathway	REACTOME	Reproduction
disease	MESH	parkinsonism
disease	MESH	abnormalities
pathway	REACTOME	Apoptosis
disease	MESH	Tumor
disease	MESH	Inflammation
drug	DRUGBANK	Serine Vanadate
drug	DRUGBANK	Trestolone
pathway	REACTOME	Methylation
disease	MESH	repression
drug	DRUGBANK	Adenosine
disease	MESH	psychiatric disorders
pathway	REACTOME	Translation
pathway	KEGG	Wnt signaling pathway
disease	MESH	neuroblastoma
disease	MESH	dissociation
disease	MESH	malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
drug	DRUGBANK	Isoxaflutole
disease	MESH	schwannomas
disease	MESH	meningiomas
disease	MESH	rhabdoid tumors
disease	MESH	glioblastoma
disease	MESH	tumorigenesis
pathway	REACTOME	Macroautophagy
disease	MESH	mitochondrial dysfunction
pathway	REACTOME	Cellular Senescence
disease	MESH	dysbiosis
disease	MESH	neurodegenerative diseases
pathway	REACTOME	Neurodegenerative Diseases
disease	MESH	neuroinflammation
drug	DRUGBANK	Coenzyme M
disease	MESH	death
drug	DRUGBANK	Ilex paraguariensis leaf
drug	DRUGBANK	Thiocolchicoside
pathway	REACTOME	Autophagy
disease	MESH	oxidative stress
drug	DRUGBANK	L-Phenylalanine
disease	MESH	syndromes
disease	MESH	cerebral palsy
disease	MESH	epilepsy
disease	MESH	neurodevelopmental disorders
drug	DRUGBANK	Valproic Acid
disease	MESH	Infection
disease	MESH	glioma
pathway	KEGG	Glioma
drug	DRUGBANK	Dopamine
pathway	KEGG	Ferroptosis
drug	DRUGBANK	Calcium
disease	MESH	psychosis
drug	DRUGBANK	Metamfetamine
disease	MESH	paranoia
disease	MESH	neurofibrillary tangles
disease	MESH	amyloid plaques
disease	MESH	cognitive decline
disease	MESH	memory loss
drug	DRUGBANK	Lamivudine
disease	MESH	atrophy
drug	DRUGBANK	Indoleacetic acid
disease	MESH	swallowing disorders
disease	MESH	paralysis
disease	MESH	proteinopathy
drug	DRUGBANK	Asparaginase Escherichia coli
disease	MESH	autoimmune response
disease	MESH	neuron degeneration
disease	MESH	proteotoxic stress
disease	MESH	gliosis
disease	MESH	phenotypic variations
disease	MESH	spinocerebellar ataxia
pathway	KEGG	Spinocerebellar ataxia
pathway	REACTOME	Metabolism
drug	DRUGBANK	Myricetin
disease	MESH	tetrasomy
drug	DRUGBANK	Ranitidine
disease	MESH	Ataxia telangiectasia
drug	DRUGBANK	Uracil
drug	DRUGBANK	Propylthiouracil
disease	MESH	Multiple sclerosis
drug	DRUGBANK	Methylergometrine
drug	DRUGBANK	Haloperidol
drug	DRUGBANK	Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
drug	DRUGBANK	Carboxyamidotriazole
disease	MESH	motor neuron disease
drug	DRUGBANK	Zinc
drug	DRUGBANK	Guanosine
drug	DRUGBANK	Troleandomycin
disease	MESH	neurofibromatosis 1
disease	MESH	neurofibromas
disease	MESH	nerve sheath tumors
disease	MESH	lung cancer
disease	MESH	Pica
disease	MESH	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
disease	MESH	autism
disease	MESH	bipolar disorder
disease	MESH	ataxia
disease	MESH	Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
pathway	REACTOME	Acetylation
disease	MESH	Aicardi Goutieres syndrome
drug	DRUGBANK	Water
pathway	REACTOME	Immune System
disease	MESH	COVID 19 pandemic
disease	MESH	childhood trauma
disease	MESH	Paranoid schizophrenia
disease	MESH	Mange