Publication date: May 20, 2025
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the neuropsychological and neuropathological outcomes in amateur boxers, professional boxers, and ex-boxers, who suffered traumatic brain injuries during their career trajectories. This study was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) conventions. Forty-three studies qualified for this systematic review/meta-analysis. Among that, a total of 6287 professionals, including amateur boxers, active boxers, and ex-boxers were evaluated for the primary and secondary endpoints. The median age of the boxers was 45 years (range: 19-65 years). Nearly 65% of the screened boxers were males and 35% were females. A significant prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) (34. 6%), brain atrophy (30. 3%), neuropsychiatric/neurological disorders (55. 85%), abnormal brain findings (27. 36%), cerebral microhemorrhages (7. 93%), dementia/amnesia/cognitive impairment/low memory (35. 41%) and Parkinson’s disease/ataxic gait impairment (5. 68%) were observed among boxers versus controls who did not experience these conditions (all p
| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| 45years | Boxers |
| Boxers | brain pathology |
| Dementia | CSF |
| Females | head injuries |
| neuropathological | |
| trauma |
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | complications |
| disease | MESH | neurological disorders |
| disease | MESH | dementia |
| disease | MESH | amnesia |
| disease | MESH | cognitive impairment |
| disease | MESH | Parkinson’s disease |
| disease | MESH | gait |