Publication date: Jun 19, 2025
Access to oral antivirals like nirmatrelvir/ritonavir to treat COVID-19 remains largely unavailable across Africa. Ghana, Malawi, Rwanda and Zambia, all members of the COVID Treatment QuickStart Consortium, leveraged existing infrastructure to rapidly commence COVID-19 test-and-treat programs. We describe the individual-level impact within the cascade of care. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 36 facilities across four countries that captured data on SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals who were screened for treatment. Treatment criteria included being high-risk for severe COVID-19 disease progression, presenting within five days of symptom onset, and having mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease severity; treatment eligibility was ultimately determined by trained healthcare workers. From 1,941 participants, 50. 2% were determined eligible while 65. 2% were prescribed nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. Among those prescribed, 1,265 (73. 2%) received follow-up, among whom 99. 4% confirmed treatment initiation and 97. 6% completed the five-day treatment course. Two serious adverse events were reported, but neither was attributed to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. These data are the first to suggest COVID-19 oral antiviral treatment can be quickly, efficiently and safely deployed in lower- and middle-income countries, in parallel with implementation research. Programs rapidly integrated their COVID-19 response into existing health service infrastructure, allowing for decentralization and demonstrating that introducing newly developed diagnostics and treatment in government health systems is feasible in lower-resourced settings during health emergencies. Equitable and timely access to diagnostics and treatments is crucial to combat emerging global disease threats and achieve global health equity.
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| Concepts | Keywords |
|---|---|
| Antiviral | LMIC |
| Healthcare | nirmatrelvir/ritonavir |
| Quickstart | pandemic preparedness |
| Rwanda | SARS-CoV-2 |