Publication date: Jul 04, 2025
Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine on reducing the need for hospital admission in patients in the community at higher risk of complications from COVID-19 syndromic illness (testing was largely unavailable at the time, hence not microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection), as part of the national open-label, multi-arm, prospective, adaptive platform, randomised clinical trial in community care in the United Kingdom (UK). People aged 65 and over, or aged 50 and over with comorbidities, and who had been unwell for up to 14 days with suspected COVID-19 were randomised to usual care with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, 200 mg twice a day for seven days, or usual care without hydroxychloroquine (control). Participants were recruited based on symptoms and approximately 5% had confirmed SARS-COV2 infection. The primary outcome while hydroxychloroquine was in the trial was hospital admission or death related to suspected COVID-19 infection within 28 days from randomisation. First recruitment was on April 2, 2020, and the hydroxychloroquine arm was suspended by the UK Medicines Regulator on May 22, 2020. 207 were randomised to hydroxychloroquine and 206 to usual care, and 190 and 194 contributed to the primary analysis results presented, respectively. There was no swab result available within 28 days of randomisation for 39% in both groups: 107 (54%) in the hydroxychloroquine group and 111 (55%) in the usual care group tested negative for SARS-Cov-2, and 13 (7%) and 11 (5%) tested positive. 13 participants, (seven (3.7%) in the usual care plus hydroxychloroquine and six (3. 1%) in the usual care group were hospitalized (odds ratio 1.04 [95% BCI 0.36 to 3. 00], probability of superiority 0.47). There was one serious adverse event, in the usual care group. More people receiving hydroxychloroquine reported nausea. We found no evidence from this treatment arm of the PRINCIPLE trial, stopped early and therefore under-powered for reasons external to the trial, that hydroxychloroquine reduced hospital admission or death in people with suspected, but mostly unconfirmed COVID-19.
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Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| drug | DRUGBANK | Hydroxychloroquine |
| disease | MESH | COVID19 |
| disease | MESH | complications |
| pathway | REACTOME | SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| disease | MESH | infection |
| disease | MESH | death |
| disease | IDO | host |
| disease | IDO | production |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Coenzyme M |
| disease | IDO | symptom |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Chloroquine |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate |
| disease | MESH | syndrome |
| disease | IDO | intervention |
| disease | MESH | comorbidity |
| disease | MESH | morbidities |
| pathway | REACTOME | Immune System |
| disease | MESH | high blood pressure |
| disease | MESH | asthma |
| pathway | KEGG | Asthma |
| disease | MESH | lung disease |
| disease | MESH | stroke |
| disease | MESH | contraindication |
| disease | MESH | bacterial pneumonia |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Oxygen |
| disease | IDO | process |