Associations of municipality-level income and racial segregation with individual-level tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil: a nationwide cohort study (2010-2019).

Publication date: Jul 07, 2025

Residential segregation is considered a social determinant of health, but there is limited evidence of its impact on tuberculosis (TB). We investigated the associations between municipality-level income and racial segregation and TB treatment outcomes in Brazil. We studied nationwide registries of new TB cases between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. TB treatment was dichotomised as unfavourable (ie, loss to follow-up, modification of treatment regimen, treatment failure and death) and favourable (ie, cured/treatment completion). We assessed individuals’ municipality-level income and racial segregation (ie, dispersion of household heads earning ≤half versus those earning >half minimum wage; and of household heads identifying as black or brown/mixed race (Pardo/a) versus white). Logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables was used to estimate the OR of experiencing an unfavourable treatment outcome associated with segregation overall and by self-identified race/ethnicity. Individuals living in highly economically and racially segregated municipalities (fifth versus first quintiles) were more likely to have an unfavourable TB treatment outcome (income segregation: adjusted OR 1. 34 (95% CI 1. 31 to 1. 37); racial segregation: 1. 13 (0. 94 to 1. 36)). Living in municipalities of higher income segregation (third, fourth and fifth quintiles) was associated with higher unfavourable TB treatment outcomes in all self-identified racial groups (fifth quintile: white 1. 25 (0. 96 to 1. 64); black 1. 42 (1. 15 to 1. 74); brown/mixed 1. 37 (1. 20 to 1. 56); Asian=1. 30 (1. 00 to 1. 69) and Indigenous 1. 37 (1. 00 to 1. 87)). Living in highly income and racially segregated environments is associated with unfavourable TB treatment outcomes for all self-identified races in Brazil. TB programmes should account for segregation as a barrier to TB treatment completion.

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