Publication date: Aug 01, 2026
Respiratory virus circulation may vary across healthcare settings and age groups, potentially limiting the interpretability of surveillance based on a single source. In Milan, Italy, established community- and emergency department-based systems coexist with hospital laboratory testing, but hospital ward-level data are not routinely integrated. The aims of this study were to describe respiratory viruses’ epidemiology and assess whether ward-based surveillance complements community and ED surveillance. We analyzed molecular test results from respiratory samples collected from January 1, 2024 (W1/2024) to October 12, 2025 (W41/2025) in community, ED, and hospital ward settings. Viruses included influenza A (IAV), influenza B (IBV), RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 (with extended panels in a subset). Among 8029 samples, overall positivity for ≥ 1 virus was 46. 8%, highest in ED (51. 1%) and community (50. 5%) and lower in wards (36. 7%) (p
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | Emergency |
| disease | MESH | included |
| pathway | KEGG | Influenza A |
| disease | MESH | influenza |
| disease | MESH | COVID-19 |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Influenza A virus |
| drug | DRUGBANK | Influenza B virus |
| disease | MESH | Respiratory Tract Infections |