Publication date: Jul 20, 2026
Individuals with depressive disorder often face barriers in accessing healthcare; however, research on the acute and post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (PASC) in this population remains limited. We aimed to investigate the risk of PASC in individuals with depressive disorder. We used a longitudinal, large-scale, population-based cohort from South Korea, including individuals aged ≥ 20 years with depressive disorder and confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022. Individuals were followed from the date of COVID-19 diagnosis (index date) until the occurrence of each outcome, which included 15 major health domains and 67 specific diseases defined based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) codes. To reduce bias, we applied 1:1 propensity score matching and estimated the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazards regression. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on COVID-19 severity (mild vs. moderate-to-severe), vaccination status, and time-dependent risk patterns (
Semantics
| Type | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| disease | MESH | Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 |
| disease | MESH | Depressive Disorder |
| disease | MESH | face |
| disease | MESH | coronavirus disease 2019 |
| disease | MESH | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| disease | MESH | infection |
| disease | MESH | included |
| disease | MESH | ICD |
| pathway | REACTOME | SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
| disease | MESH | malnutrition |
| disease | MESH | asthma |
| pathway | KEGG | Asthma |